CSNI2007 STEX. (Abstract last modified 13-JUN-2008)
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NAME - STEX Database 2.
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CSNI2007/01 Many Computers PC Windows
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DESCRIPTION - 4.
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS - 5.
EXPERIMENTAL LIMITATIONS - 6.
PHENOMENA TESTED - 7.
EXPERIMENT SPECIAL FEATURES - 9.
STATUS 10.
REFERENCES - 12.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE -CSNI2007/01: 13.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS - Acrobat Reader, HTML browser. 15.
NAME AND ESTABLISHMENT OF AUTHORS - 16.
MATERIAL AVAILABLE -CSNI2007/01: 17.
CATEGORIES - Keywords: DATABASE, FUEL COOLANT INTERACTION, SEVERE ACCIDENT, STEAM EXPLOSION
Program-name Package-ID Status
STEX CSNI2007/01 Tested
STEX Database is a compilation of the experimental work conducted to investigate the phenomenon of "STeam Explosion", an extensively studied problem in the area of nuclear safety. Steam explosion (also known as vapor explosion) is a physical phenomenon in which the internal energy of a hot liquid is rapidly transferred to a colder and more volatile liquid, which as a result vaporizes at high pressure and expands against the inertial constraint of the surrounding structure as well as the mixture. In the context of nuclear safety, the hot liquid is the molten 'fuel' and the colder more volatile liquid is the 'coolant'. A steam explosion is therefore a class of fuel-coolant interactions in which the timescale for heat transfer between the liquids is smaller than the timescale for pressure wave propagation and expansion in a local region of the fuel-coolant mixture.
Steam explosion experiments are numerous and can be categorized in different ways depending on the scale or the conditions of the experiment:
1- In-pile vs. out-of-pile experiments,
An in-pile experiment is one that is conducted inside a nuclear reactor core, where the fresh and irradiated fuels are used, whereas an out-of-pile experiment is one that is conducted in an experimental chamber outside the reactor. In an in-pile experiment, fuel-coolant interactions in addition to a number of other phenomena may be investigated, while out-of-pile experiments focus only on fuel-coolant interactions and hence allow for better measurement of initial conditions as well as better interpretation of the test results.
2- Small, intermediate or large scale experiments,
An experiment is classified as small scale when the amount of fuel (or coolant) is (either relatively or absolutely) very small when compared to the mass of the other liquid. While small scale experiments allow for a better understanding of the mixing, and fragmentation phenomena involved in fuel-coolant interactions, they fail to address the phenomenon of steam explosion as a safety issue, hence the need for large scale experiments.
3- Pouring, injection, or stratified contact mode,
Because direct contact between the fuel and coolant is essential for a steam explosion, experiments have employed various modes to introduce the molten fuel to the coolant. In the pouring mode, the fuel is poured into the coolant and as it falls, it fragments and mixes with the latter. In the injection mode, one of the liquids (usually the coolant) is injected into the other via a needle. In the stratified mode, a layer of one of the liquid lies on top of the other, i.e. both liquids are separated from one another due to density difference.
Currently, the STEX database is exclusively focused on out-of-pile, intermediate to large scale experiments in which the pouring mode has been employed to cause direct contact between the molten fuel and the coolant. Due to the large number of experiments that fit into this category, STEX focuses on experiments performed at six facilities: the FARO facility, the KROTOS facility, the TROI facility, the WFCI facility, the ZREX facility, and the FITS facility.
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NAME AND DESCRIPTION OF FACILITIES -
FARO Programme: Experimental Investigations of Large Scale Melt Quenching in Water
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The FARO facility is a large multipurpose test facility designed to provide experimental data on a number of phenomena (FCI, melt quenching and spreading) associated with severe accidents in water cooled reactors. What distinguishes the experiments performed at FARO, is that they aim at characterization of the interaction process of a large mass of corium with water under realistic melt composition and prototypical accident conditions.
The FARO facility is composed of a furnace, an isolation valve unit, a release vessel, a venting system and an interaction vessel (TERMOS designed for 10 Mpa at 300 °C or FAT designed for 8 Mpa at 373 °C). The interaction vessel, is connected to the FARO furnace via the release tube, and isolated from it during interaction via an isolation valve unit and the release vessel. The furnace is capable of handling up to 200 kg of fuel at temperatures up to 3,270 K. The orifice/valve system provide a controlled release mode of the melt into the interaction vessel (i.e., gravity or forced).
KROTOS FCI Experiments: Alumina versus Corium Melts
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The KROTOS facility is an experimental installation devoted to investigate the effects of initial and mixing conditions on the energetics of an FCI phenomenon in a controlled geometry. Several different types of simulant materials for fuel have been tested, e.g. tin, aluminum oxide and corium.
The KROTOS test arrangement consists of a radiation furnace, release tube and the test section underneath. The furnace is comprised of a cylindrical tungsten heater element which encloses the crucible containing the melt material. Depending on the crucible design and melt composition, 1-10 kg melt masses of temperatures up to 3300 K, can be used. The lower part of the KROTOS facility consists of a stainless steel pressure vessel and test section. The cylindrical pressure vessel, which is 400 mm inner diameter and 2.21 m in height (0.290 m3 in volume), is designed for 2.5 Mpa at 493 K. The stainless steel test section has an inner diameter 200 mm and outer diameter 240 mm. In the KROTOS test facility, the water level is variable up to about 1.3 m and the bottom of the test section can be closed by either a flat plate or with a gas trigger device which consists of a gas chamber (15 cm3 in volume) which can be charged by argon to a pressure of up to 20 Mpa.
TROI Steam Explosion Experiments in a Multidimensional Geometry
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TROI: Test for Real cOrium Interaction with water
The test facility consists of a furnace vessel, a lower pressure vessel, a sliding valve and a test section located in the lower pressure vessel. The furnace vessel contains a crucible and a melt-release assembly. K-type thermocouples are installed in the pressure vessel, in addition to dynamic and static pressure sensors. Moreover, gas sampling bottles and a high speed camera are installed in the pressure vessel. In the interaction vessel, a number of temperature sensors, dynamic pressure sensors and a force sensor are installed. While an optical bi-chromatic pyrometer is installed on top of the furnace to measure the melt temperature through a viewing port.
WFCI Vapor Explosions in Large Scale 1-D Geometry
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WFCI: Wisconsin Fuel-Coolant Interaction Facility
The WFCI facility consists of a furnace, transfer vessel, upper funnel, test section, slide gate, expansion section, quench tank and trigger.
The furnace is cylindrical with a heating volume of about 8.3 liters and a temperature rating of about 1200 °C. It is mounted in a vertical position but can be tilted by a motor to an almost horizontal position. The transfer vessel is made of alumina and lined with alumina paper to prevent crack development as the hot metal is poured into the cold vessel. It also has a spring loaded stainless steel plug at its bottom to prevent the melt from falling. The funnel is an expanded section of the test chamber and separated from it by means of the slide gate. The test section is vertical stainless steel two-part tube lined with plexiglass with a total volume of 0.087 m3. The expansion section is a horizontal stainless steel three-part tube attached to the upper part of the test section and delivers the explosion expansion products to the downstream quench tank.
ZREX: ZiRconium Explosion
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The test facility used for the ZREX/ZRSS tests is one-dimensional in nature. It consists of a melt furnace/drop assembly and a rigid cylindrical interaction vessel. The radial constraint imposed by the rigidity of the interaction vessel, rendered the explosion propagation and expansion one-dimensional and hence maximized the axial output of the mechanical energy release.
All components of the experimental apparatus were placed in an inerted containment chamber with the possibility of collection of gas samples before and after the interaction. The collected gas samples allowed the estimation of the hydrogen gas generated as a result of the interaction. The containment chamber also provides blast protection in the case of explosive events.
FITS: Fully Instrumented Test Series
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The FITS facility consists of a closed containment chamber, a water chamber, a furnace, along with auxiliary equipment for performing in-chamber tests in one site and the instrumentation and control are located at a different site. The chamber is cylindrical in shape with a diameter of ~1.5 m and a height of ~5.0 m. It is designed to withstand a maximum pressure of 350 psi at a temperature of 650 °F. The chamber is mounted vertically on a base with an access port at the bottom to allow for collection and post-test analysis of the debris.
The furnace is isolated from the pressure vessel by means of a knife valve that closes within 75~100 ms of closure signal. The melt (either iron-alumina or corium A+R) is prepared by induction heating in a graphite crucible mounted to the housing of the furnace. The crucible is mechanically transported to the furnace by means of an air cylinder which also supports the crucible within the furnace.
The water chamber is made of optically clear plexiglass to allow for visualisation of the melt entry, mixing, propagation and reaction processes. Although the plexiglass is strong enough to withstand the perturbations associated with melt entry into the water and subsequent mixing, it offers very little resistance to the explosion energetics that follow. The dimensions of the water chamber were chosen to provide the required water to melt mass ratio (ranging from 1.5 : 1 to 50 : 1) as well as to insure full entry of the delivered melt into the water before contact with the bottom.
FARO Programme: Experimental Investigations of Large Scale Melt Quenching in Water
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DESCRIPTION OF TEST -
The corium is melted at low pressure (0.1-0.2 Mpa) while the pressure in the interaction vessel is maintained at the required test pressure (2-5 Mpa). These low and high pressure regions are separated by the release vessel closing flap. At the end of the corium melting the main isolation valve is opened and the melt is released from the furnace to the catcher and then the main isolation valve is closed again. The release vessel serves as a pressure equalizer. Upon pressure equalization, the release vessel hinged flap is automatically opened and the melt is delivered by gravity to the water.
TESTS PERFORMED -
Several large scale quenching tests (L-06, L-08, L-11, L-14, L-19, L-20, L-24, L-29, L-31) have been conducted in either the FAT FCI vessel or the TERMOS vessel at the FARO facility using prototypic reactor material, UO2-ZrO2-Zr.
KROTOS FCI Experiments: Alumina versus Corium Melts
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DESCRIPTION OF TEST-
The test starts by loading the furnace with the melt of desired composition. After the melt reaches the desired temperature, the crucible containing the melt is released from the furnace and falls by gravity through the release tube. During its fall, the crucible strikes a retainer ring and a conical shaped spike pierces the bottom of the crucible, allowing the melt to be released into the water. High speed videos of the melt as it through the water are captured, in addition to the measurement of the dynamic pressures during the melt/water interaction.
The KROTOS experiments were conducted using either an alumina/water system, or a corium/water system. In both sets of experiments, the effect of the water condition (either highly subcooled or near saturation) was investigated. In addition, the effect of melt superheat and initial pressure on the energetics of the interaction was also explored.
TESTS PERFORMED -
Several tests have been conducted in the KROTOS facility with different simulant fuels. Initially, tin melt was used, while later tests employed alumina or corium melts.
TROI Steam Explosion Experiments in a Multidimensional Geometry
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DESCRIPTION OF TEST -
In the TROI experiments the fuel/coolant interaction is initiated between the melt and water by releasing the crucible from the furnace -by gravity- into a pool of water in the test section.
TESTS PERFORMED -
Several tests have been conducted in the TROI facility to answer the fundamental question about the explosivity of reactor materials. Some of these tests employed ZrO2 as melt whereas others employed a mixture of UO2-ZrO2 or UO2-ZrO2-Zr.
WFCI Vapor Explosions in Large Scale 1-D Geometry
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DESCRIPTION OF TEST -
The test starts by allowing the melt to reach the desired temperature in the furnace which is then tilted to an almost horizontal position to pour the melt into the transfer vessel. The transfer vessel is then moved by a motor on a transport rail system to a position over the funnel above the test chamber. The transfer vessel has a spring loaded stainless steel plug at its bottom to keep the melt from falling. At the appropriate moment, the pin that holds the loaded spring at the bottom of the transfer vessel is removed by a pneumatic cylinder thus allowing the melt to pour into the test section.
TESTS PERFORMED -
A total of 37 tests in eight different series (A through H), have been conducted with tin as a simulant fuel and water as coolant. Molten tin with initial temperature ranging from 491 °C to 983 °C was poured in water (pure or with additives) at a temperature ranging from 25 °C to 93 °C. In these tests the degree of coolant subcooling ranged from 7 °C to 75 °C, while the coolant to fuel mass ratio varied from ~ 2 to ~ 12.
ZREX: ZiRconium Explosion
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DESCRIPTION OF TEST -
In both ZREX and ZR/SS tests, the melt was prepared by induction heating in a graphite crucible. When the melt was ready, the tests started by dropping either 1-kg batches of zirconium/zirconium dioxide (Zr/ZrO2) or 1.2-kg batches of zirconium/stainless steel (Zr/SS) mixtures in a column of water.
The primary objective of the tests was to determine the effect of the content of Zr in the melt, hence the melt composition was varied from 60 to 100 % for the Zr/ZrO2 mixtures and from 0 to 100 % in the Zr/SS mixtures. A total of 14 tests (9 of which were externally triggered) were performed using Zr/ZrO2 mixtures, while a total of 8 tests (5 of which were externally triggered) were performed using Zr/SS mixtures.
TESTS PERFORMED -
Several tests have been conducted with Zr/ZrO2 mixtures whereas others have been conducted using Zr/SS mixtures. In addition, a number of scoping experiments were performed to develop the experimental techniques.
FITS: Fully Instrumented Test Series
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DESCRIPTION OF TEST-
The test started by delivering the melt to the water. This was accomplished by allowing the melt to fall under gravity into the water by removing the bottom of the crucible (a separate graphite disk). A fall height of approximately 1.2 m was used to achieve terminal velocities of about 4.5 ~ 6.0 m/s, which was deemed necessary for proper dispersion of the melt in the water.
High speed cameras were used to observe the melt as it fell into the water as well as the subsequent mixing and propagation leading to a possibly explosive event up to the detonation point. The velocity of melt dispersion and subsequent reaction speeds were then inferred from the captured images using some reference length in the test section.
TESTS PERFORMED -
Four test series have been conducted (A through D) with two different fuel types: iron-alumina thermite (Fe-Al2O3) and corium A+R (53 w/o UO2, 16 w/o ZrO2, 2 w/o NiO, 27 w/o SS and 2 w/o Mo).
FARO
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A major drawback in the FARO experiments is the small number of tests performed relative to the large number of governing parameters. In addition, the uncertainties in the conditions of the melt as it penetrates into the water need to be reduced between tests.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES MEASURED -
The main physical parameters measured in the FARO experiments are the transient pressures, temperatures, hydrogen production, level swell as well as debris characteristics.
KROTOS
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The risk of a steam explosion with the tests, set the limit on the viewing and illumination area which limited visualization capacity.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES MEASURED -
The following are measured/assessed:
- dynamic pressure at various locations using piezoelectric transducers
- integral void fraction during mixing is measured by monitoring water level
- vessel pressurization due to steaming or production of non-condensable gases
- water level swell
- melt penetration
- estimation of propagation speed
- estimation of the starting location of the explosion
- estimation of explosion efficiency
- debris analysis
TROI
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A limitation of the TROI experiments is the limited amounts of corium melt (~10 kg) were used. In addition, no data is provided on level swell or void fraction.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES MEASURED -
The dynamic pressure, dynamic load and morphology of the debris and hydrogen generation were among the major quantities measured. In addition, high speed videos of the melt jet delivery were captured.
WFCI
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Tin as a simulant fuel.
One-D geometry.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES MEASURED -
The main physical parameters measured in the WFCI experiments are the transient pressures, temperatures and level swell histories. In addition, the explosion propagation velocity, piston-slug displacement and fragmented fuel debris distribution were also measured. The complete sequence of the experiment has been recorded via a video camera.
ZrEX
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One-dimensional geometry.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES MEASURED -
Temperature, pressure, and debris characterization.
FITS
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- No attempt was made to measure the melt temperature, hence, the melt thermal energy was unknown precisely but was estimated to calculate the conversion ratio of the explosion.
- The weak confinement of the test chamber allowed the expansion to be multidimensional. This led, in some cases, to coarse fragmentation which in turn limited the energetics of the explosion.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES MEASURED -
The instrumentation used in the FITS facility provided the following data:
- short-term as well as long-term pressure data in both the liquid and gas phases
- characterization of the fuel debris
- visualization of the melt entry, mixing, propagation and explosion processes
- measurement of impulse at chamber head and base
FARO
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The FARO quenching experiments aim at studying the characteristics of melt jet breakup, energy release, debris structure, and bottom plate thermal load. In addition, the importance of zirconium oxidation is also investigated by varying the initial melt composition.
KROTOS
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1- The effect of melt physical and chemical characteristics (alumina vs. corium) on the energetics of the melt/water interaction has been explored.
2- Parameters that may cause suppression of a spontaneous steam explosion (eg. Degree of subcooling, environment pressurization) have also been studied.
TROI
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The main objective of the TROI experiments is to determine whether the corium would lead to energetic steam explosion as a result of interaction with cold water at low pressure in a multi-dimensional test section. Based on these experiments, it is concluded that corium with a composition of 80% UO2 : 20% ZrO2 is less likely to trigger a spontaneous explosion compared to corium with the eutectic composition (70% UO2 : 30% ZrO2).
WFCI
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In the WFCI experiments the effect of the external trigger, axial constraint and temperature effects of both fuel and coolant on the energetics of the interaction have been investigated. In addition, the effect of coolant viscosity on the suppression of the steam explosion was studied by adding polymer additives to the coolant.
ZrEX
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The effect of the melt zirconium content on the energetics of the explosion.
FITS
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The main purpose of the FITS tests was to estimate the explosion conversion ratio as a function of ambient pressure, fuel composition, coolant-to-fuel mass ratio, coolant subcooling, and other initial conditions in an enclosed, fully instrumented chamber.
It was observed that only 1 ~ 3 % of the initial internal energy of the melt was converted to mechanical energy. In addition, it was found that spontaneous explosions could be suppressed by raising the pressure of the surrounding environment. However, if a powerful enough external trigger signal was provided, a steam explosion occurred even at elevated pressures.
It was also observed that use of saturated water did not spontaneously cause a propagating explosion to occur (at least at the studied melt mass scale). On the other hand, double explosions occurred in some of the FITS tests when subcooled water was used.
FARO
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The FARO tests have been designed to provide data on mixing and quenching of large masses of real corium melt in water under severe accident prototypical conditions. Since the melt quantities used in the FARO experiments is about an order of magnitude higher than what has been used previously in quenching experiments, the FARO data represent a major contribution to the study of the water potential to quench the core material before it reaches the bottom of the reactor.
KROTOS
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1- visualization of the melt injection process as well as the jet breakup during the interaction,
2- investigation of the differences in explosivity between corium and alumina melts,
3- exploration of the various parameters that may cause the suppression of a spontaneous steam explosion (coolant subcooling, melt temperature and initial pressure).
TROI
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use of real reactor material
possibility of using either 1-D or 3-D geometry
visualization capabilities
hydrogen production data
WFCI
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What distinguishes the WFCI tests is that they form a well-characterized set of experiments which investigates the effect of particular initial and boundary conditions (trigger strength, fuel mass and temperature, coolant mass, viscosity, and temperature, as well as system constraint) on the energetics of a simulant melt/water interaction.
ZrEX
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What distinguishes the ZREX/ZRSS experiments is that it explores the augmentation of the energetics of a vapor explosion as a result of the chemical potential of the molten fuel.
FITS
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A major characteristic feature of the FITS experiments is the possibility of visually capturing the details of the various phases of the fuel-coolant interaction up to the point of the explosion.
CSNI2007/01: 13-JUN-2008 Screened
FARO
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[1] D. Magallon and I. Huhtiniemi, Corium melt quenching tests at low pressure and subcooled water in FARO, Nuclear Engineering and Design 204 (2001) 369-376.
[2] D. Magallon and H. Hohmann, Experimental investigation of 150 kg scale of corium melt jet quenching in water, Nuclear Engineering and Design 177 (1997) 321-337.
[3] D. Magallon and H. Hohmann, High pressure corium melt quenching tests In FARO, Nuclear Engineering and Design 155 (1995) 253-270.
[4] D. Magallon, I. Huhtiniemi and H. Hohmann, Lessons learnt from FARO-TERMOS corium melt, Nuclear Engineering and Design 189 (1999) 223-238.
KROTOS
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[1] H. Hohmann, D. Magallon, H.Schins, and A.Yerkess, FCI Experiments in the Aluminum Oxide/Water System, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 155 (1995), 391-403.
[2] I. Huhtiniemi and D. Magallon, Insight into Steam Explosions with Corium Melts in KROTOS, Nuclear Engineering and Design 204 (2001) 391-400.
[3] I. Huhtiniemi, D. Magallon, H. Hohmann, Results of Recent KROTOS FCI Tests: Alumina versus Corium Melts, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 189 (1999), 379-389.
[4] I. Huhtiniemi, H. Hohmann, D. Magallon, FCI Experiments in the Corium/Water System, Nuclear Engineering and Design, 177 (1997), 339-349.
TROI
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[1] J. H. Kim, I. K. Park, B. T. Min, S. W. Hong, Y. S. Shin, J. H. Song and H. D. Kim,The Influence of Variations in the Water Depth and Melt Composition on a Spontaneous Steam Explosion in the TROI Experiments, Proceedings of ICAPP'04, Pittsburgh, PA USA, June 13-17, 2004, pp. 1210-1219.
[2] J. H. Kim, I. K. Park, B. T. Min, S. W. Hong, J. H. Song and H. D. Kim, Results of the Triggered TROI Steam Explosion Experiments with a Narrow Interaction Vessel, Proceedings of ICAPP'06, Reno, NV USA, June 4-8, 2006, pp. 1322-1331.
[3] J. H. Song, I. K. Park, Y. S. Shin, J. H. Kim, S. W. Hong, B. T. Min and H. D. Kim, Fuel Coolant Interaction Experiments in TROI using a UO2/ZrO2Mixture, Nuc. Eng. & Des., 222 (2003), pp. 1-15.
[4] J. H. Kim, I. K. Park, B. T. Min, S. W. Hong, Y. S. Shin, J. H. Song and H. D. Kim, An Experimental Study on Intermediate Scale Steam Explosions With Molten Zirconia and Corium in the TROI Facilities, 10th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-10), Seoul, Korea, October 5-9, 2003.
[5] J. H. Kim, I. K. Park, B. T. Min, S. W. Hong, S. H. Hong, J. H. Song and H. D. Kim, Results of the Triggered Steam Explosions From the TROI Experiment, Nucl. Tech., 58 (2007), pp. 378-395.
[6] J. H. Song, I. K. Park, Y. J. Chang, Y. S. Shin, J. H. Kim, B. T. Min, S. W. Hong and H. D. Kim, Experiments on the Interactions of Molten ZrO2 with Water Using TROI Facility, Nucl. Eng. & Des., 213 (2002), pp. 970-110.
[7] Jin Ho SONG, Seong Wan HONG, Jong Hwan KIM, Young Jo CHANG, Yong Seung SHIN, Beong Tae MIN and Hee Dong KIM, Insights from the Recent Steam Explosions Experiments in TROI, J. of Nucl. Sci. & Tech., 40 (2003), pp. 783-795.
WFCI
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[1] Hyun-Sun Park, Vapor Explosions in One-Dimensional Large Scale Geometry, PhD. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison (1995).
[2] Park, H.S.; Yoon, C.; Corradini, M.L.; Bang, K.H., Experiments on the trigger effect for 1-D large scale vapor explosions, Proceedings of the International Conference on New Trends in Nuclear System Thermohydraulics, 1994, pt. 2, p 271-80 vol.2
ZrEX
----
D. H. Cho, D. R Armstrong, and W. H. Gunther, Experiments on Interactions Between Zirconium-Containing Melt and Water, NUREG-CR-5372.
FITS
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[1] D. E. Mitchell, M. L. Corradini, and W. W. Tarbell, Intermediate Scale Steam Explosion Phenomena: Experiments and Analysis, NUREG/CR-2145, SAND81-0124.
[2] D. E. Mitchell, and N. A. Evans, Steam Explosion Experiments on Intermediate Scale: FITSB Series, NUREG/CR-3983, SAND83-1057.
[3] B. W. Marshall, Jr., Recent Fuel-Coolant Interaction Experiments Conducted In The FITS Vessel, SAND87-2467C.
CSNI2007/01:
The STEX database has been compiled by the University of Wisconsin-Madison on behalf of the Nuclear Energy Agency.
Michael L. Corradini and Aya Diab
1500 Engr. Dr.
University of Wisconsin
Madison WI 53706
USA
FARO, KROTOS:
D. Magallon
European Commission-Joint Research Centre
Institute for Systems, Informatics and Safety
Ispra 21020 (VA)
Italy
TROI:
Jin Ho Song
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
150 Dukjin-Dong, Yusong-Gu, Daejon, 305-353
Rep. of Korea
ZrEX:
D. H. Cho
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, IL 60439
USA
WFCI:
Michael L. Corradini
University of Wisconsin-Madison
1500 Engineering Dr.
Madison, WI 53706
USA
FITS:
D. E. Mitchell
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, NM 87185
USA
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